![]() Taken together, our results suggest that CMA plays a role in vertebral cancellous bone mass accrual in young adult mice and that this may be due to an inhibitory role of CMA on osteoclastogenesis or a positive role of CMA in osteoblast formation or function. Thus, an increase in other protein degradation pathways may partially compensate for the loss of CMA in osteoblasts. Moreover, similar to what has been observed in other cell types, macroautophagy and proteasomal degradation were upregulated in CMA-deficient osteoblasts in culture. Consistent with these findings, specific knockdown of Lamp2a in an osteoblastic cell line increased RANKL expression and decreased mineral deposition. The low bone mass of L2ACgKO mice was associated with increased osteoclastogenesis and decreased mineral deposition in cultured cells. At 18 weeks of age, both male and female L2ACgKO mice had lower vertebral cancellous bone mass compared to WT controls. The low bone mass of L2ACgKO mice was associated with elevated RANKL expression and the osteoclast marker genes Trap and Cathepsin K. At 5 weeks of age female L2ACgKO mice had lower vertebral cancellous bone mass compared to wild-type (WT) controls, whereas there was no difference between genotypes in male mice at this age. CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing led to the deletion of both Lamp2a and Lamp2c, another Lamp2 isoform, producing Lamp2AC global knockout (L2ACgKO) mice. To address the role of CMA for skeletal homeostasis, we deleted an essential component of the CMA process, namely Lamp2a, from the mouse genome. However, the role of CMA in skeletal homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is unknown. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a protein degradation pathway that eliminates soluble cytoplasmic proteins that are damaged, incorrectly folded, or targeted for selective proteome remodeling.
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![]() Go to File | Project Structure | Project Settings | Modules. In the next dialog, specify the JDK vendor, version, change the installation path if required, and click Download. Only for JDKs: If you don't have the necessary JDK on your computer, select Add SDK | Download JDK. If the SDK is installed on your computer, but not defined in the IDE, select Add SDK | 'SDK name', and specify the path to the SDK home directory. If the necessary SDK is already defined in IntelliJ IDEA, select it from the SDK list. Go to File | Project Structure | Project Settings | Project. ![]() Only for JDKs: if you don't have the necessary JDK on your computer, select Download JDK. To add an SDK, click, select the necessary SDK and specify its home directory in the dialog that opens. Go to File | Project Structure | Platform Settings | SDKs. This folder is called an SDK home directory. It may depends on the type of O.S, processor type (i.e.To define an SDK means to let IntelliJ IDEA know in which folder on your computer the necessary SDK version is installed. Note: We Assumed that the downloaded file is named jdk-8u51-linux-圆4.tar.gz and used this name in all the commands used in steps 2, 4 and 5. Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 25.51-xxx, mixed mode) Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_51-xxx) If installation is succesful, it will display like the following: java version "1.8.0_51" Reload sytem wide PATH /etc/profile by this command: source /etc/profileĬheck Java JDK version by java -version command. Sudo update-alternatives -set javaws /usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51/bin/javaws Sudo update-alternatives -set javac /usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51/bin/javac Make Oracle Java JDK as default by this following commands: sudo update-alternatives -set java /usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51/bin/java Sudo update-alternatives -install "/usr/bin/javaws" "javaws" "/usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51/bin/javaws" 1 Sudo update-alternatives -install "/usr/bin/javac" "javac" "/usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51/bin/javac" 1 Tell the system that the new Oracle Java version is available by the following commands: sudo update-alternatives -install "/usr/bin/java" "java" "/usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51/bin/java" 1 Update PATH file by opening /etc/profile file by the command sudo nano /etc/profile and paste the following at the end of the file: JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java/jdk1.8.0_51 To do this, cd into directory where downloaded file is located and use this command for copying that file to /usr/local/java/: sudo cp -r jdk-8u51-linux-圆4.tar.gz /usr/local/java/ĬD into /usr/local/java/ directory and extract that copied file by using this command: sudo tar xvzf jdk-8u51-linux-圆4.tar.gzĪfter extraction you must see a folder named jdk1.8.0_51. To find which version is your OS, check hereĬreate a folder named java in /usr/local/by this command: sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/javaĬopy the Downloaded file in the directory /usr/local/java. ![]() Note: download appropriate file, for example if your system is 圆4 Ubuntu (i.e, Debian) the download file is named like this: jdk-8u51-linux-圆4.tar.gz Remove OpenJDK completely by this command: sudo apt-get purge openjdk-\* ![]() You can completely remove the OpenJDK and fresh Install Oracle Java JDK by following these steps: ![]() It isn’t a cumbersome task to maintain the mint leaves because this lovely plant with beautiful green leaves runs on low-maintenance. Mint leaves always accentuates the look and feel of your indoor garden. Indeed the overwhelming benefits of mint, makes way for mint plant indoor, so make space for mint as we take you through how to grow mint indoors.Ī Complete Mint Guide For Growing Mint Indoors
Step 9: Add a Displacement Layer © Kevin Landwer-Johan Name and save the image where you can easily locate it for the next step. To do this, press Ctrl+T (Command+T) again and drag the top handle down to just about halfway. Resize your noise image, so it fills a little more than the lower half of the canvas. ![]() Press Enter and zoom back to 100% (Ctrl+Alt+0 or Command+Option+0 on your keyboard.) So it looks natural when you incorporate it into your reflection image. This stretches the base of the image and helps distort the noise. Zoom out a long way, so your noise image is small on your monitor.Ĭlick on either the bottom left or bottom right handle on the Transform box and drag it horizontally. Right-click inside the image and choose Perspective. With the layer selected, press Ctrl+T (Command+T) on your keyboard to bring up the Transform window. Step 8: Stretch the Perspective © Kevin Landwer-Johan ![]() Right-click the layer and select Convert to Smart Object. Turn on all the channels by clicking RGB. Set the Angle to zero, the Height to 5, and the Amount to 500. Select the Green channel and Filter > Stylize > Emboss from the top menu. Set the Angle to 90, the Height to 5, and the Amount to 500. Choose Filter > Stylize > Emboss from the top menu. Open the Channel Panel and click on the Red Channel. Step 7: Emboss the Texture © Kevin Landwer-Johan You will see a speckled look in your image. Select Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur and set the Radius to 1.5 pixels. Make the Amount 400% and select the check box for Uniform. And you can begin building a texture to add to your reflection layer.įrom the top menu, select Filer > Noise > Add Noise. Now you can add some noise to the black layer. Step 6: Add Noise and Blur for Texture © Kevin Landwer-Johan Unlock the background layer by clicking on the padlock icon in the Layers panel. Next, select the Paint Bucket Fill tool and fill the image with black. I made mine 30% of my reflection image size. Otherwise, Photoshop may not be able to save it. Make it the same shape as your reflection image but a smaller size. Now you need to create a new file to help make the reflection more realistic. © Kevin Landwer-Johan Step 5: Create a New File Nudge the layer up, so there is no gap between it and the top layer if you need to. I set my pixel distance at 20 in this example. This varies depending on the size and resolution of the image you are working with. Make the angle 90 degrees and the distance a value, so it looks good. And press Enter on your keyboard.įrom the top menu, choose Filter > Blur > Motion Blur. Right-click inside the image and select Flip Vertical. Do this using the Transform tool, which can be initiated using Ctrl+T (Command+T) on your keyboard. The lower layer will be your reflection, so you need to flip it vertically. Step 4: Flip the Lower Layer and Add Blur © Kevin Landwer-Johan Then drag the duplicated layer into the space below your original layer. Make both layers Smart Objects by right-clicking them in the Layers panel. And rename the layers to make it easier to track which one you are working with. Duplicate the layer by selecting the layer and using Ctrl+J (Command+J) on your keyboard. Unlock the layer by clicking the padlock icon in the Layers panel. This means the new canvas space is added under your image. ![]() On the Anchor diagram, click on the arrow at the top center. Next to the Height input box, click on the drop-down and choose Percent. Ctrl+Alt+C (Command+Option+C) opens the canvas and resizes the window. Now you need to double the size of your canvas to make room for the Photoshop reflection. Step 2: Double the Canvas Size © Kevin Landwer-Johan Keep this in mind when you choose a photo to use. If I had not cropped it, there would be too much dark space between the house and the reflection. I have cropped the bottom of the photo where there was nothing of interest. This means the result can be more realistic looking.įor this tutorial, I have chosen a photo of a house at dusk. This makes it more complicated.Ĭhoose a photo with a clean line at the bottom of the part you want to reflect. See if elements in the foreground overlap with the area you want to make a mirror image of. Pre-visualize how a Photoshop reflection will look on the photo. Making the right choice of photograph to create a reflection for is a first and very important step. Step 1: Choose a Photo to Add a Reflection In this article, you learn how to add a water reflection to an image. Each step has alternative ways of achieving the same results. There are many methods of making reflection images in Photoshop. How to Easily Create a Reflection in Photoshop This may seem like a fairly complex set of options, but it’s worth spending some time learning, as it allows for extremely powerful window layouts, particularly in reaction to system events (such as the number of screens changing when you plug in a monitor, or even just press a particular hotkey to restore sanity to your windows). Note that we’re using the hs.geometry.rect() helper function to construct the rect table and that the y value is negative, meaning that the top of the window should start 48 pixels above the bottom of the display. This is shown in our example above, which will place the iTunes Mini Player window at the very bottom left of the screen, even if the dock is there. The sixth item is similar to the fifth, except it does take the OS menubar and dock into account. The fifth item is a rect that will be given to hs.window:setFrame() and should specify the position/size values as pixel positions on the screen, but without the OS menubar and dock taken into account. Open the Hammerspoon API docs in your browser, to explore the extensions we provide, and the functions they offerĪll good programming tutorials start with a Hello World example of some kind, so we will use Hammerspoon’s ability to bind keyboard hotkeys to demonstrate saying Hello World with a simple notification.Click on the Hammerspoon menu bar icon and choose Open Config from the menu.Run Hammerspoon.app and follow the prompts to enable Accessibility access for the app.Download the latest release of Hammerspoon and drag it to your /Applications folder.If you have never programmed in Lua before, you may want to run through Learn Lua in Y minutes before you begin. It bridges various system level APIs into a Lua scripting engine, allowing you to have powerful effects on your system by writing Lua scripts. Hammerspoon is a desktop automation tool for macOS. Thus far, in practice, I use 2 slot chains, with the right/left arrows controlling horizontal proportions, and the up/down arrows controlling vertical proportions but also bridging across my 2 displays which are arranged vertically.ĭivvy, Moom, Spectacle, and a bunch of in-built Hammerspoon packages are seem pretty good but didn’t quite do what I was looking for.Getting Started with Hammerspoon What is Hammerspoon? The code figures out which slot your window is in (or closest to), finds the next or previous slot in the slot chain and then moves and resizes the window to fit the target slot.Īs I hit Command-Control-Option Right/Left, the window moves through the slots: Here is the actual slot and connection definitions - This goes in your a local leftRightArrowSlotChain =, "Right", function () k2win.moveFocusedWindowToNextSlot ( leftRightArrowSlotChain, 1 ) end ) My approach was then to define slot chains, and then bind two hotkeys (a “next slot” and “previous” slot hotkey to move the focused window through the slot chain. Each slot has a next and previous neighbor slot. A slot chain is a linked set of slots.Any window from any app can “fit” into a slot. A slot is a rectangular region on a particular physical display.Hammerspoon has a straightforward set of window control functions you can access through Lua. It additionally has a separate hotkey for moving windows between displays - I wanted a single set that could move across displays naturally.I didn’t want symmetry between the up/down keys and right/left keys, as I use vertical space and horizontal space very differently.There’s a huge variety of Mac window management tools out there already 1, and Spectacle was probably the closest off the shelf, but: ![]() Low cognitive load to shift a window across physical displays - ideally the same set of hotkeys can spatially move windows across displays. No pre-defined app layouts as I tend to mix and match quite often. Small number of keystrokes to a desired layout outcome. ![]() But now most of my day is now spent in front of two monitors. “Every productivity improvement I make attempts to expand until I write a window management script” - meĬOVID accelerated this In the Physical Days pre-March 2020, I used a laptop in the office - no external displays of any kind. Those programs which cannot so expand are replaced by ones which can.” - jwz ![]() “Every program attempts to expand until it can read mail. One of my favorite programming quotes is: This means that space itself has flat properties for example, the shortest distance between any two points is always a straight line between them (check the linear interpolation calculator). This space is very similar to Euclidean space, but differs from it in a very crucial feature: the addition of the dot product, also called the inner product (not to be confused with the cross product).īoth the Euclidean and Minkowski space are what mathematicians call flat space. The reason we've selected this is because it's very common in physics, in particular it is used in relativity theory, general relativity and even in relativistic quantum field theory. The first example we present to you is a bit obscure, but we hope you can excuse us, as we're physicists, for starting with this very important type of space: Minkowski space. Also, you will hopefully understand why we are not going to bother calculating distances in other spaces. However, we can try to give you some examples of other spaces that are commonly used and that might help you understand why Euclidean space is not the only space. We do not want to bore you with mathematical definitions of what is a space and what makes the Euclidean space unique, since that would be too complicated to explain in a simple distance calculator. Euclidean space can have as many dimensions as you want, as long as there is a finite number of them, and they still obey Euclidean rules. Let's also not confuse Euclidean space with multidimensional spaces. This is something we all take for granted, but this is not true in all spaces. In Euclidean space, the sum of the angles of a triangle equals 180º and squares have all their angles equal to 90º always. The Euclidean space or Euclidean geometry is what we all usually think of 2D space is before we receive any deep mathematical training in any of these aspects. Since this is a very special case, from now on we will talk only about distance in two dimensions. If you wish to find the distance between two points in 1D space you can still use this calculator by simply setting one of the coordinates to be the same for both points. ![]() For each point in 2D space, we need two coordinates that are unique to that point. These points are described by their coordinates in space. To find the distance between two points, the first thing you need is two points, obviously. ![]() If you are looking for the 3D distance between 2 points we encourage you to use our 3D distance calculator made specifically for that purpose. For this calculator, we focus only on the 2D distance (with the 1D included as a special case). In most cases, you're probably talking about three dimensions or less, since that's all we can imagine without our brains exploding. ![]() If we stick with the geometrical definition of distance we still have to define what kind of space we are working in. You will see in the following sections how the concept of distance can be extended beyond length, in more than one sense that is the breakthrough behind Einstein's theory of relativity. This definition is one way to say what almost all of us think of distance intuitively, but it is not the only way we could talk about distance. ![]() The most common meaning is the 1D space between two points. Before we get into how to calculate distances, we should probably clarify what a distance is. ![]() Yet, it is the casino selection of bonuses we will pay particular attention to today. 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![]() When Costa Ricans listen or pay attention to you, they “give ball” to you.Įxample: “I warned them not to go down that road, but they didn’t give me ball.” 18. Dar pelota | “To listen to, pay attention to” Literally “good note,” this expression is used often in Costa Rica to say someone is cool or nice.Įxample: “Andrea is buena nota. “A bunch of us are getting a mejenga together down at the beach. If you want to get in on a pickup game with the locals, remember the word mejenga. ![]() Soccer, of course, is the sport in Costa Rica. Mejenga | “Friendly, informal soccer game” Ticos use this expression, literally “salted,” to say “tough luck” or “too bad.”ī: “ Salado! The guy ahead of you got the last seat.” 15. There’s also just suave (“easy” or “slow down”).ī: “ Suave un toque. Suave un toque | “Hold on a sec”Įmbracing this expression is an important step toward learning how to relax. “He peed outside the can when he asked his wife if his girlfriend could move in with them.” 13. This graphic expression is used when someone is totally off base or has done something grossly inappropriate. Orinar fuera del tarro | “To pee outside the can” Media naranja | “Half orange”ĭoes it get cuter than calling your partner your “half orange”? Ticos use this expression to describe their “better half” or “soul mate.”Įxample: “I can’t live without you! You’re my media naranja.” 12. This expression can mean “to talk bull” or “to shoot the breeze.” There’s also pura paja, “pure bull.”Įxample: “José is talking straw. I’m going to Costa Rica to carry it soft.” 10. We should also totally start using it in English.Įxample: “I’m overworked. Literally “to carry it soft,” this expression comes in handy when you’re on vacation. Literally “what laziness,” this is what Ticos say when they don’t want to do something or are bummed out by something.Įxample: “Vacation’s over, time to pack. Por dicha / qué dicha | “Fortunately” / “how fortunate”Ĭosta Ricans readily express appreciation for their good fortune and that of others.ī: “ Qué dicha! Have a great time.” 8. The origins of this Costa Rican slang standard are in dispute, but one theory is that it derives from the English phrase “too nice.”Įxample: “Rappelling down that waterfall was super tuanis.” 7. It can be a filler word akin to “hey” or “well,” or it can mean “obviously,” “what happened?” or “what can be done?” or even “there’s no explanation.”Ī: “ Diay? I’ve been waiting for you for an hour.”ī: “ Diay.” 6. This teeny word has a baffling array of meanings. Ticos love to play, but they also love work - as evidenced in the commonly heard phrase Mucho brete, gracias a Dios (“Lots of work, thank God”).Įxample: “I’d love to go to your beach barbecue, but I have a lot of brete.” 5. It’s used like “dude” among friends, or it can refer to any person.Įxample: “ Mae, that mae has no idea what he’s talking about, mae.” 4. The word mae is heard with astonishing frequency, especially among men. It has many meanings, all friendly: “great” or “fantastic,” “hello,” “nice to meet you,” “thank you,” or “you’re welcome.” This quintessential Costa Rican phrase tells you pretty much everything you need to know about the Tico approach to life. ![]() He’s más Tico que el gallo pinto by now.” 2. This expression is a good place to start, because it combines two essential Costa Rican terms: Tico, which is what Costa Ricans call themselves, and gallo pinto, literally “spotted rooster,” the ubiquitous and awesome traditional rice-and-bean breakfast dish of Costa Rica.Įxample: “He’s lived in Costa Rica for 15 years. Más Tico que el gallo pinto | “More Costa Rican than spotted rooster” So if you’re sick of brete, grab your half orange and head to Costa Rica to carry it soft and enjoy the pure life. It’s in their very language - a philosophy of letting go, relaxing, and knowing how to enjoy life. 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